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DAVID POGUE (Host): How smart are you? MEMORY CHAMPIONSHIP ANNOUNCER: Mental athletes, begin. DAVID POGUE: Would you like to be smarter? I feel like increasing my cortical tissue. I'm David Pogue, and on this episode of NOVA science. NOW,…JOHN GOLFINOS (New York University Langone Medical Center): This is a real brain, a human brain. DAVID POGUE: …I'm going to extremes…Talk about a splitting headache.…to unlock the secrets behind some of the most impressive brains around: from perhaps the greatest mind of the modern age,…SANDRA WITELSON (Michael G.

De. Groote School of Medicine, Mc. Master University): There's not one brain that has the same anatomy as Einstein. DAVID POGUE: …to a guy who can remember impossibly long lists of numbers,…CHESTER SANTOS (2. United States Memory Champion): 4.

DAVID POGUE: Okay, that's highly freaky.…to one with an amazing head for dates. What day will Christmas fall on, in the year 2. GEORGE WIDENER (Calendar Calculator): Sunday.

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DAVID POGUE: Come on, that's nuts! What makes their brains so special? Wait are you saying you can tell stuff about a person's brain by the outside?

DEAN FALK (School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Florida State University): Yes. And in the case of Einstein, one's definitely able to do that. DAVID POGUE: Is genius born or made? This is like an outtake from the Star Wars prop department. We're diving under the hood …JOY HIRSCH (Columbia University Medical Center): This slice here comes right across the top of his ears. DAVID POGUE: …and revealing new evidence of what it means to be smart…RICHARD HAIER (University of California, Irvine, Emeritus): We can now evolve the definition of intelligence.

DAVID POGUE: …and what you can do to improve your brainpower. What does this mean? I'm going to find out. How Smart Can We Get? Up next, on NOVA science.

NOW. Have you ever wondered why some brains are smarter than others or if there's a way to get smarter yourself? I'm David Pogue, and I'm on a quest to explore the upper limits of brainpower. To start, I want to check out one of the smartest brains that ever existed: Albert Einstein's. Watch Stone &Amp; Ed Online Mic. There's no doubt, the guy was a genius. By his twenties, he had revolutionized our fundamental notions of space, time and matter with his theory of relativity.

A few years later, he figured out how gravity works. As if that weren't mind- blowing enough, he came up with E=mc. Eventually, the great scientist moved here, to Princeton, New Jersey. Watch The Legend Of Ben Hall 4Shared here. Can you take my picture? And in his honor,…FRED LEPORE (Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey): Absolutely.

DAVID POGUE: … he's memorialized with this statue. Not only that, there's a shrine dedicated to him in the back of a local clothing store. Next you're going to tell me there's a Kennedy memorial behind the deli. But what most residents don't know is that hidden inside this hospital is one of the best- kept secrets in America: …FRED LEPORE: Over there. DAVID POGUE: …Albert Einstein's brain.

Einstein's brain, the brain of the most famous scientist in the world is in there, and they won't let you in to see it? FRED LEPORE: It's been there for a dozen years. I'm unable to get access to it. It is a very bizarre story. DAVID POGUE: Neurologist Fred Lepore would love to get his hands on it. He hopes it will reveal what made Einstein so smart.

Was there something different about his brain? Believe it or not, we still have the chance to find out. Okay, rewind a bit. Einstein dies. FRED LEPORE: Einstein died on April 1. Thomas Harvey, the pathologist at the time, is expected to do a routine autopsy, routine autopsy. DAVID POGUE: But instead, what Thomas Harvey, the doctor performing the autopsy, decides to do is anything but routine. Without consent from Einstein's family he decides to remove the brain.

So the doctor on duty, not his partner, not his brother, took the brain and, basically, kept it? FRED LEPORE: Yes. DAVID POGUE: And started to study it?

FRED LEPORE: Yes. DAVID POGUE: Harvey takes dozens, possibly hundreds of photographs, knowing what's coming up next, because he's about to take the step you can't turn back from. FRED LEPORE: He begins to dissect it, over the next few days, into 2. DAVID POGUE: When you say a block you mean a little cube…FRED LEPORE: A little cube. DAVID POGUE: …of Albert Einstein's brain? FRED LEPORE: Yeah. I can show you some, if you care to see.

DAVID POGUE: You can get in there? FRED LEPORE: I have pictures. These are the two glass cookie jars. We believe they hold about 1. DAVID POGUE: You're talking about blocks of brain?

FRED LEPORE: Blocks of brain. Those little things that are sort of that yellowish putty color are sections of brain. And each section of brain is surrounded by gauze. DAVID POGUE: If you had all the access you wanted, you would find out what, that he was a genius? FRED LEPORE: You might find out he has some circuits that are different. Is it standard issue or did Einstein really have a freakishly different brain.

DAVID POGUE: It becomes Thomas Harvey's life mission to find out. When he loses his job at Princeton Hospital, Harvey quietly slips away, taking the brain with him.

Can you imagine what the T. S. A. would have said about his carry- on? Ah, sir, can you step over here?"He travels to the Midwest. Wherever he moves, so goes the brain. From time to time, he sends chunks of it to researchers he deems worthy. Then, in the 1. 99.

Canadian neurologist Sandra Witelson. Witelson has one of the largest collections of brains in the world, kept in this walk- in refrigerator. SANDRA WITELSON: Thomas Harvey realized that because I had a large brain collection it would be a good comparison for a case study of Einstein's brain. DAVID POGUE: Harvey gives Witelson a few select chunks. But it's in a handful of photographs that she finds the most valuable clues. She makes a startling discovery in an area of the brain called the parietal lobe, on the top of the head, towards the back. SANDRA WITELSON: We have 1.

There's not one hemisphere that has the same parietal lobe as Einstein. DAVID POGUE: Witelson believes that a part of Einstein's parietal lobe was 1. To find out what makes this discovery so important, I'm going where no host has gone before. With the help of pathologist David Zagzag and neurosurgeon John Golfinos, I'm taking a little brain tour. So, gentlemen, can you certify this is no plastic model? JOHN GOLFINOS (New York University Langone Medical Center): This is a real brain, a human brain. DAVID POGUE: May I touch the brain?

JOHN GOLFINOS: Very gently. DAVID POGUE: Oh, wow.

It's cold, rubbery, and it's clammy, and it's got a weird consistency. How would you describe this to someone at home?

JOHN GOLFINOS: Like hard JELL- O is what I think it is. DAVID POGUE: Yeah, very hard JELL- O, that's good. Catch. JOHN GOLFINOS: Put it down.

The first thing you notice, when you look at it, is that there's these raised parts, these ridges. DAVID POGUE: These tiny ridges or bumps are called gyri. They contain billions of nerve cells. The crevices are called sulci. JOHN GOLFINOS: The reason we have all these folds is that, as the brain developed and as we got smarter, the brain got bigger. And to fit inside the skull it had to fold in on itself. DAVID POGUE: Does that mean ancient man would not have as many folds?

JOHN GOLFINOS: Correct. DAVID POGUE: More folds mean more nerve cells, and that means more brainpower.